Scriptures on wine
H3196 יין yayin yah'-yin From an unused root meaning to effervesce; wine (as fermented); by implication intoxication: - banqueting, wine, wine [-bibber]: And he drank of the wine and was drunk, and became uncovered in his tent. (Gen 9:21) And Noacḥ awoke from his wine, and he knew what his younger son had done to him, (Gen 9:24) And Malkitseḏeq sovereign of Shalĕm brought out bread and wine. Now he was the priest of the Most High Ěl. (Gen 14:18) “Come, let us make our father drink wine and lie with him, so that we preserve the seed of our father.” (Gen 19:32) So they made their father drink wine that night. And the first-born went in and lay with her father, and he was not aware of it when she lay down or when she arose. (Gen 19:33) And it came to be on the next day that the first-born said to the younger, “See, I lay with my father last night. Let us make him drink wine tonight as well, and you go in and lie with him, so that we keep the seed of our father.” (Gen 19:34) So they made their father drink wine that night as well. And the younger arose and lay with him, and he was not aware of it when she lay down or when she arose. (Gen 19:35) And he said, “Bring it near to me, and let me eat of my son’s wild game, so that my being might bless you.” So he brought it near to him, and he ate. And he brought him wine, and he drank. (Gen 27:25) “Binding his donkey to the vine, and his donkey’s colt to the choice vine, he washed his garments in wine, and his robes in the blood of grapes.' (Gen 49:11) “His eyes are darker than wine, and his teeth whiter than milk.' (Gen 49:12) ...and one-tenth of an ĕphah of flour mixed with one-fourth of a hin of pressed oil, and one-fourth of a hin of wine as a drink offering, with the one lamb. (Exo 29:40) “Do not drink wine or strong drink, you, nor your sons with you, when you go into the Tent of Meeting, lest you die – a law forever throughout your generations...' (Lev 10:9) ...and its grain offering: two-tenths of an ĕphah of fine flour mixed with oil, an offering made by fire to יהוה, a sweet fragrance, and its drink offering: one-fourth of a hin of wine. (Lev 23:13) ...he separates himself from wine and strong drink – he drinks neither vinegar of wine nor vinegar of strong drink, neither does he drink any grape juice, nor eat grapes or raisins. (Num 6:3) ‘All the days of his separation he does not eat whatever is made of the grapevine, from seed to skin.' (Num 6:4) ‘Then the priest shall wave them, a wave offering before יהוה. It is set-apart for the priest, besides the breast of the wave offering and besides the thigh of the contribution. And afterwards the Nazirite shall drink wine.’ (Num 6:20) ...and one-fourth of a hin of wine as a drink offering you prepare with the burnt offering or the slaughtering, for each lamb. (Num 15:5) ...and as a drink offering you bring one-third of a hin of wine as a sweet fragrance to יהוה. (Num 15:7) ...and bring as the drink offering half a hin of wine as an offering made by fire, a sweet fragrance to יהוה. (Num 15:10) ‘And their drink offering is half a hin of wine for a bull, and one-third of a hin for a ram, and one-fourth of a hin for a lamb. This is the burnt offering for each month throughout the months of the year...' (Num 28:14) “And you shall use the silver for whatever your being desires: for cattle or sheep, for wine or strong drink, for whatever your being desires. And you shall eat there before יהוה your Elohim, and you shall rejoice, you and your household.' (Deu 14:26) “You plant vineyards, and shall labor, but you neither drink of the wine nor gather, for the worm eats it.' (Deu 28:39) “You ate no bread and drank no wine nor strong drink, so that you might know that I am יהוה your Elohim.' (Deu 29:6) “Their wine is the poison of serpents, and the fierce venom of cobras.' (Deu 32:33) ‘Who ate the fat of their slaughterings, and drank the wine of their drink offering? Let them arise and help you, let it be a hiding-place for you!" (Deu 32:38) ...and they acted slyly and went and pretended to be envoys. And they took old sacks on their donkeys, old wineskins torn and mended... (Yos 9:4) “And these wineskins which we filled were new, and see, they are torn. And these our garments and our sandals have become old because of the very long journey.” (Yos 9:13) “And now, please guard, and do not drink wine or strong drink, and do not eat any unclean food." (Ydg 13:4) “And He said to me, ‘See, you are conceiving and bearing a son. And now, drink no wine or strong drink, nor eat any unclean food, for the youth is a Nazirite to Elohim from the womb to the day of his death.’ ” (Ydg 13:7) “Let her not eat any food that comes from the vine, neither let her drink wine or strong drink, or eat any unclean food. Let her guard all that which I have commanded her.” (Ydg 13:14) ...yet there is both straw and fodder for our donkeys, and bread and wine for myself, and for your female servant, and for the young man who is with your servant; there is no lack of any matter.” (Ydg 19:19) Then Ěli said to her, “How long are you going to be drunk? Put your wine away from you!” (1Sa 1:14) And Ḥannah answered and said, “No, my master, I am a woman pained in spirit. And I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my being before יהוה. (1Sa 1:15) And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three bulls, and one ĕphah of flour, and a skin of wine, and brought him to the House of יהוה in Shiloh. And the child was young. (1Sa 1:24) “And you shall pass on from there, and beyond, and shall come to the terevinth tree of Tav̱or. And three men going up to Elohim at Bĕyth Ěl shall find you there, one bearing three young goats, another bearing three loaves of bread, and another bearing a skin of wine." (1Sa 10:3) And Yishai took a donkey loaded with bread, and a skin of wine, and a young goat, and sent them by his son Dawiḏ to Sha’ul. (1Sa 16:20) Then Av̱iḡayil made haste and took two hundred loaves, and two skins of wine, and five sheep made ready, five measures of roasted grain, and one hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred cakes of figs, and loaded them on donkeys. (1Sa 25:18) And it came to be, in the morning, when the wine had gone from Nav̱al, and his wife had told him these matters, that his heart died within him, and he became like a stone. (1Sa 25:37) And Av̱shalom had commanded his servants, saying, “Watch, and when the heart of Amnon is glad with wine, and I shall say to you, ‘Smite Amnon!’ then kill him. Do not be afraid. Have I not commanded you? Be strong and brave.” (2Sa 13:28) And Dawiḏ had passed on a little from the summit, and saw Tsiv̱a the servant of Mephiv̱osheth, who met him with a couple of saddled donkeys, and on them two hundred loaves, and one hundred cakes of raisins, and one hundred summer fruit, and a skin of wine. (2Sa 16:1) And the sovereign said to Tsiv̱a, “Why do you have these?” And Tsiv̱a said, “The donkeys are for the sovereign’s household to ride on, and the bread and summer fruit for the young men to eat, and the wine for the wearied to drink in the wilderness.” (2Sa 16:2) And some of them were appointed over the vessels, even over all the vessels of the set-apart place, and over the fine flour and the wine and the oil and the incense and the spices. (1Ch 9:29) And also those who were near to them, from as far away as Yissasḵar and Zev̱ulun and Naphtali, were bringing food on donkeys and camels, on mules and cattle – food of flour and cakes of figs and cakes of raisins, wine and oil and cattle and sheep in great quantities, for there was joy in Yisra’ĕl. (1Ch 12:40) And Shimʽi the Ramathite was over the vineyards, and Zav̱di the Shiphmite was over the increase of the vineyards for the wine cellars. (1Ch 27:27) “And see, I have given servants to you, the hewers who cut timber, twenty thousand kors of ground wheat, and twenty thousand kors of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil.” (2Ch 2:10) “And now, the wheat and the barley, the oil and the wine which my master has spoken of, let him send to his servants." (2Ch 2:15) And he strengthened the strongholds, and put commanders in them, and stores of food, and oil, and wine... (2Ch 11:11) And it came to be in the month of Nisan, in the twentieth year of Artaḥshashta the sovereign, when wine was before him, that I took the wine and gave it to the sovereign. And I had never been sad in his presence. (Neh 2:1) But the former governors who were before me laid burdens on the people, and took from them bread and wine, besides forty sheqels of silver. Their servants also oppressed the people, but I did not do so, because of the fear of Elohim. (Neh 5:15) And that which was prepared for me daily was one ox and six choice sheep, and birds were prepared for me, and once every ten days plenty of all kinds of wine. And in spite of this I did not seek the governor’s food, because the bondage was heavy on this people. (Neh 5:18) In those days I saw in Yehuḏah those treading wine presses on the Sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and loading donkeys with wine, grapes, and figs, and all kinds of burdens, which they brought into Yerushalayim on the Sabbath day. So I warned them on the day they sold food. (Neh 13:15) And they served drinks in golden vessels, the vessels being different from one another, with much royal wine, according to the hand of the sovereign. (Est 1:7) On the seventh day, when the heart of the sovereign was glad with wine, he ordered Mehuman, Biztha, Ḥarv̱ona, Biḡtha, and Aḇaḡtha, Zĕthar, and Karkas, the seven eunuchs who were in attendance in the presence of Sovereign Aḥashwĕrosh... (Est 1:10) And the sovereign said to Estĕr at the feast of wine, “What is your petition? And it is given you. And what is your request? Up to half my reign, and it is done!” (Est 5:6) And again on the second day, at the feast of wine, the sovereign said to Estĕr, “What is your petition, Sovereigness Estĕr? And it is given to you. And what is your request? Up to half my reign, and it is done!” (Est 7:2) And the sovereign, arising in his wrath from the feast of wine, went into the palace garden. And Haman remained before Sovereigness Estĕr, pleading for his life, for he saw that evil had been decided against him by the sovereign. (Est 7:7) And when the sovereign returned from the palace garden to the place of the feast of wine, Haman was falling on the couch where Estĕr was. Then the sovereign said, “Also to ravish the sovereigness while I am in the house?” As the word left the sovereign’s mouth, they covered Haman’s face. (Est 7:8) And the day came to be when his sons and daughters were eating and drinking wine in the house of their brother, the first-born. (Yov 1:13) While he was still speaking, another also came and said, “Your sons and daughters were eating and drinking wine in the house of their brother, the first-born... (Yov 1:18) See, within me it is like wine not opened; it shall burst like new wineskins. (Yov 32:19) You have let Your people see hardship; You have made us drink the wine of trembling. (Psa 60:3) For a cup is in the hand of יהוה, and the wine shall foam; it is filled with a mixture, and He pours it out. All the wrong of the earth drink, draining it to the dregs. (Psa 75:8) Then יהוה awoke as one asleep, as a mighty man who shouts because of wine. (Psa 78:65) And wine that makes glad the heart of man, oil to make the face shine, and bread which sustains man’s heart. (Psa 104:15) For they have eaten the bread of wrongdoing, and they drink the wine of violence. (Pro 4:17) She has slaughtered her meat, she has mixed her wine, she has also prepared her table. (Pro 9:2) “Come, eat of my bread and drink of the wine I have mixed.” (Pro 9:5) Wine is a scoffer, strong drink a brawler, and whoever is led astray by it is not wise. (Pro 20:1) He who loves pleasure is a poor man; he who loves wine and oil does not become rich. (Pro 21:17) Be not among heavy drinkers of wine or with gluttonous eaters of meat... (Pro 23:20) Those staying long at the wine, those going in to search out mixed wine. (Pro 23:30) Do not look on the wine when it is red, when it gives its color in the cup, as it flows smoothly... (Pro 23:31) Not for sovereigns, Oh Lemu’ĕl, not for sovereigns to drink wine, nor for princes to desire strong drink... (Pro 31:4) Give strong drink to him who is perishing, and wine to those embittered in being. (Pro 31:6) I searched in my heart how to stimulate my body with wine, while guiding my heart with wisdom, and how to lay hold on folly, until I could see what was good for the sons of men to do under the heavens all the days of their lives. (Ecc 2:3) Go, eat your bread with joy, and drink your wine with a glad heart; for Elohim has already approved your works. (Ecc 9:7) A feast is made for laughter, and wine gladdens life; and the silver answers all. (Ecc 10:19) Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth, for your loves are better than wine. (Son 1:2) Draw me! We run after you. The sovereign has brought me into his inner rooms. We exult and rejoice in you. We praise your loves more than wine. Rightly do they love you. (Son 1:4) He brought me to the house of wine, and his banner over me was love. (Son 2:4) How sweet have been your loves, my sister, my bride! How much better than wine are your loves, and the fragrance of your perfumes than all spices! (Son 4:10) I have come to my garden, my sister, my bride; I have plucked my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk. Eat, Oh friends! Drink, and drink deeply, Oh beloved ones! (Son 5:1) And your palate like the best wine, going down smoothly for my beloved, flowing gently, slumbering lips. (Son 7:9) I would lead you, I would bring you into the house of my mother, she who has taught me. I would give you spiced wine to drink, of the juice of my pomegranate. (Son 8:2) Woe to those who rise early in the morning pursuing strong drink, who stay up late at night – wine inflames them! (Isa 5:11) And the lyre and the harp, the tambourine and flute, and wine are in their feasts; but they do not regard the deeds of יהוה, nor see the work of His hands. (Isa 5:12) Woe to the mighty to drink wine, and brave men to mix strong drink... (Isa 5:22) Gladness is taken away, and joy from the orchard; in the vineyards there is no singing, nor shouting; no treaders tread out wine in their presses; I have made their acclamation cease. (Isa 16:10) Then see! Joy and gladness, slaying oxen and killing sheep, eating meat and drinking wine, “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!” (Isa 22:13) No more do they drink wine with a song, strong drink is bitter to those who drink it. (Isa 24:9) There is a crying for wine in the streets; all joy shall be darkened, the gladness of the earth shall be gone. (Isa 24:11) Woe to the proud crown of the drunkards of Ephrayim, and to the fading flower of its splendid comeliness that is on the head of the fertile valley, to those who are overcome with wine! (Isa 28:1) And these too have gone astray through wine, and through strong drink wandered about. Priest and prophet have gone astray through strong drink, they are swallowed up by wine, they wander about through strong drink, they go astray in vision, they stumble in right-ruling. (Isa 28:7) Pause and wonder! Blind yourselves and be blind! They are drunk, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink. (Isa 29:9) Therefore please hear this, you afflicted and drunk, but not with wine. (Isa 51:21) “Oh everyone who thirsts, come to the waters. And you who have no silver, come, buy and eat. Come, buy wine and milk without silver and without price." (Isa 55:1) “Come, let me bring wine and fill ourselves with strong drink1. And tomorrow shall be as today, even much greater.” Footnote: 1See chapters 28 & 29. (Isa 56:12) “And you shall speak to them this word, ‘Thus said יהוה Elohim of Yisra’ĕl, “Every bottle is to be filled with wine.” ’ And when they say to you, ‘Do we not know that every bottle should be filled with wine?’ (Yer 13:12) My heart within me is broken because of the prophets; all my bones shake. I am like a drunken man, and like a man overcome by wine, because of יהוה, and because of His set-apart words. (Yer 23:9) For thus said יהוה Elohim of Yisra’ĕl to me, “Take this wine cup of wrath from My hand, and make all the nations, to whom I send you, drink it." (Yer 25:15) “Go to the house of the Rĕḵav̱ites. And you shall speak to them, and bring them into the House of יהוה, into one of the rooms, and give them wine to drink.” (Yer 35:2) And I set before the sons of the house of the Rĕḵav̱ites bowls filled with wine, and cups, and I said to them, “Drink wine.” (Yer 35:5) But they said, “We do not drink wine, because Yonaḏav̱ the son of Rĕḵav̱, our father, commanded us, saying, ‘You shall not drink wine, neither you nor your sons, forever.' (Yer 35:6) “So we obeyed the voice of Yonaḏav̱ son of Rĕḵav̱, our father, in all that he commanded us, to drink no wine all our days, we, our wives, our sons, and our daughters..." (Yer 35:8) “The words of Yonaḏav̱ son of Rĕḵav̱, which he commanded his sons, not to drink wine, are established, and they have not drunk unto this day, for they have obeyed their father’s command. And as for Me, I have spoken to you, rising early and speaking, but you have not obeyed Me." (Yer 35:14) “And I, see, I am dwelling at Mitspah, to serve the Chaldeans who come to us. But you, gather wine and summer fruit and oil, and put them in your vessels, and dwell in your cities which you have taken.” (Yer 40:10) ...then all the Yahuḏim returned from all the places where they had been driven, and came to the land of Yehuḏah, to Geḏalyahu at Mitspah, and gathered wine and summer fruit in large quantities. (Yer 40:12) “Joy and gladness have been taken away from the orchard and from the land of Mo’av̱. And I have made wine to cease from the winepresses. No one treads with shouting – the shouting is no shouting!" (Yer 48:33) Bav̱el was a golden cup in the hand of יהוה, making drunk all the earth1. The nations drank her wine, that is why the nations went mad! Footnote: 1Rev. 17:1-18. (Yer 51:7) They say to their mothers, “Where is grain and wine?” As they languish like the wounded In the streets of the city, as their life is poured out in their mothers’ bosom. (Lam 2:12) “Damascus was your merchant because of the multitude of your works, because of your great wealth of goods, with the wine of Ḥelvon and with white wool.' (Eze 27:18) “And no priest is to drink wine when he comes into the inner court.' (Eze 44:21) And the sovereign appointed for them a daily ration of the sovereign’s food and of the wine which he drank, and three years of training for them, so that at the end thereof they should stand before the sovereign. (Dan 1:5) But Dani’ĕl laid it upon his heart that he would not defile himself with the portion of the sovereign’s food, nor with the wine which he drank. So he asked permission from the chief of the eunuchs not to defile himself. (Dan 1:8) And it came to be that the overseer took away their portion of food and the wine they were to drink, and gave them vegetables. (Dan 1:16) I did not eat desirable food, and meat and wine did not come into my mouth, and I did not anoint myself at all, till the completion of three weeks of days. (Dan 10:3) “Whoring, and wine, and new wine enslave the heart." (Hos 4:11) “In the day of our sovereign rulers became sick, inflamed with wine. He extended his hand with scoffers.' (Hos 7:5) They do not pour wine offerings to יהוה, nor are their offerings pleasing to Him – it being like bread of mourners to them, all who eat it are defiled. For their bread is for their life, it does not come into the House of יהוה. (Hos 9:4) “Those who dwell under his shadow shall return. They shall revive like grain, and blossom like the vine, and become as fragrant as the wine of Lev̱anon." (Hos 14:7) Wake up, you drunkards, and weep. And wail, all you drinkers of wine, on account of the new wine, for it has been cut off from your mouth. (Yoel 1:5) “And they have cast lots for My people, and have given a young man for a whore, and sold a girl for wine, and drank it." (Yoel 3:3) “And they lie down by every altar on garments taken in pledge, and in the house of their mighty one they drink the wine of those who have been fined." (Amos 2:8) “But you made the Nazirites drink wine, and commanded the prophets saying, ‘Do not prophesy!’ (Amos 2:12) Therefore, because you trample on the poor and take grain taxes from him – you have built houses of hewn stone but you are not going to dwell in them, you have planted pleasant vineyards but not drink wine from them. (Amos 5:11) ...who are drinking wine from bowls, and anoint with the finest ointments, yet they have not been pained over the breach of Yosĕph!" (Amos 6:6) “And I shall turn back the captivity of My people Yisra’ĕl. And they shall build the waste cities and inhabit them. And they shall plant vineyards and drink wine from them, and shall make gardens and eat their fruit." (Amos 9:14) “If a man walking after wind and falsehood has lied: ‘I preach to you of wine and of strong drink,’ he shall be the ‘preacher’ of this people!" (Mic 2:11) “You shall sow but not reap, you shall tread the olives but not anoint yourselves with oil, and make sweet wine but not drink wine." (Mic 6:15) “And also, because wine betrays him, a man is proud, and he does not stay at home. Because he enlarges his appetite as the grave, and he is like death, and is not satisfied, and gathers to himself all nations and heaps up for himself all peoples." (Hab 2:5) “And their wealth shall become plunder, and their houses laid waste. And they shall build houses but not inhabit them, and they shall plant vineyards but not drink their wine.” (Zep 1:13) “If one bears set-apart meat in the fold of his garment, and with the edge he touches bread or stew, or wine or oil, or any food, is it set-apart?” ’ ” And the priests answered and said, “No.” (Hag 2:12) יהוה of hosts shall shield them. And they shall devour and trample on sling stones. And they shall drink, roar as if with wine, and they shall be filled like basins, like the corners of the altar. (Zec 9:15) “And Ephrayim shall be as a mighty man, and their heart shall rejoice as if with wine. And their children shall see and rejoice, their heart exulting in יהוה." (Zec 10:7) H8492 תּירשׁ תּירושׁ tı̂yrôsh tı̂yrôsh tee-roshe', tee-roshe' From H3423 in the sense of expulsion; must or fresh grape juice (as just squeezed out); by implication (rarely) fermented wine: - (new, sweet) wine. H3423 ירשׁ ירשׁ yârash yârêsh yaw-rash', yaw-raysh' A primitive root; to occupy (be driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by implication to seize, to rob, to inherit; also to expel, to impoverish, to ruin: - cast out, consume, destroy, disinherit, dispossess, drive (-ing) out, enjoy, expel, X without fail, (give to, leave for) inherit (-ance, -or), + magistrate, be (make) poor, come to poverty, (give to, make to) possess, get (have) in (take) possession, seize upon, succeed, X utterly: And Elohim give you of the dew of the heavens, of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and wine. (Gen 27:28) Then Yitsḥaq answered and said to Ěsaw, “See, I have made him your master, and all his brothers I have given to him as servants. And I have sustained him with grain and wine. And what, then, shall I do for you, my son?” (Gen 27:37) “All the best of the oil, and all the best of the new wine and the grain – their first-fruits which they give to יהוה – I have given them to you." (Num 18:12) ...and shall love you and bless you and increase you, and shall bless the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your land, your grain and your new wine and your oil, the increase of your cattle and the offspring of your flock, in the land of which He swore to your fathers to give you. (Deu 7:13) ...then I shall give you the rain for your land in its season, the early rain and the latter rain, and you shall gather in your grain, and your new wine, and your oil. (Deu 11:14) “You are not allowed to eat within your gates the tithe of your grain, or of your new wine, or of your oil, or of the firstlings of your herd or your flock, or of any of your offerings which you vow, or of your voluntary offerings, or of the contribution of your hand." (Deu 12:17) “And you shall eat before יהוה your Elohim, in the place where He chooses to make His Name dwell, the tithe of your grain and your new wine and your oil, and of the firstlings of your herds and your sheep, so that you learn to fear יהוה your Elohim always." (Deu 14:23) ...the first-fruits of your grain and your new wine and your oil, and the first of the fleece of your sheep, you give to him. (Deu 18:4) ...and they shall eat the fruit of your livestock and the fruit of your land, until you are destroyed. They leave you no grain, nor new wine, nor oil, nor the increase of your cattle or the offspring of your flocks, until they have destroyed you. (Deu 28:51) “Thus Yisra’ĕl dwells in safety, the fountain of Yaʽaqov̱ alone, in a land of grain and new wine. His heavens also drop down dew." (Deu 33:28) “And the vine said to them, ‘Shall I leave my new wine, which rejoices mighty ones and men, and go to sway over trees?’ (Ydg 9:13) ...until I come. Then I shall take you away to a land like your own land, a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards, a land of olive-trees and honey, and live, and not die. But do not listen to Ḥizqiyahu, when he misleads you, saying, “יהוה shall deliver us.” (2Ki 18:32) And as the word spread, the children of Yisra’ĕl brought large quantities of the first-fruits of grain and wine, and oil and honey, and of all the increase of the field. And they brought in the tithe of all, a large amount. (2Ch 31:5) ...and storehouses for the harvest of grain, and wine, and oil, and stalls for all kinds of livestock, and folds for flocks. (2Ch 32:28) “Please, give back to them, even today, their lands, their vineyards, their olive-trees, and their houses, also the hundredth part of the silver and of the grain, and of the new wine, and of the oil, that you have taken from them.” (Neh 5:11) And that we should bring the first-fruits of our dough, and our contributions, and the fruit from all kinds of trees, of new wine and of oil, to the priests, to the storerooms of the House of our Elohim; and the tithes of our land to the Lĕwites, for the Lĕwites should receive the tithes in all our rural towns. (Neh 10:37) For the children of Yisra’ĕl and the children of Lĕwi bring the offering of the grain, of the new wine and the oil, to the storerooms where the vessels of the set-apart place are, where the priests who attend and the gatekeepers and the singers are, and we should not neglect the House of our Elohim. (Neh 10:39) ...and he had prepared for him a large room, where previously they had stored the grain offerings, the frankincense, and the utensils, and the tithes of grain, the new wine and the oil, which were commanded to be given to the Lĕwites and the singers and the gatekeepers, and the contributions for the priests. (Neh 13:5) And all Yehuḏah brought the tithe of the grain and the new wine and the oil to the storehouse. (Neh 13:12) You have put more gladness in my heart, than in the season that their grain and wine increased. (Psa 4:7) Then your storehouses shall be filled with plenty, and your vats overflow with new wine. (Pro 3:10) The new wine shall fail, the vine shall languish, all those glad at heart shall sigh. (Isa 24:7) ...until I come. Then I shall take you away to a land like your own land, a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards." (Isa 36:17) יהוה has sworn by His right hand and by the arm of His strength, “No more do I give your grain to be food for your enemies, nor do sons of the foreigner drink your new wine, for which you have laboured..." (Isa 62:8) Thus said יהוה, “As the new wine is found in the cluster, and one shall say, ‘Do not destroy it, for there is blessing in it,’ so I do for My servants’ sake, not to destroy them all." (Isa 65:8) “And they shall come in and shall sing on the height of Tsiyon, and stream to the goodness of יהוה, for grain and for new wine and for oil, and for the young of the flock and the herd. And their being shall be like a well-watered garden, and never languish again." (Yer 31:12) “And she did not acknowledge that I gave her grain, and new wine, and oil, and increased her silver and gold which they prepared for Baʽal." (Hos 2:8) “Therefore I shall turn back and shall take my grain in its time and My new wine in its season, and I shall take away My wool and My linen covering her nakedness." (Hos 2:9) ...and the earth answer the grain and the new wine and the oil, and they answer Yizreʽĕl. (Hos 2:22) “Whoring, and wine, and new wine enslave the heart." (Hos 4:11) ...and did not cry out to Me with their heart when they wailed upon their beds. For grain and new wine they assemble themselves; they turn away from Me." (Hos 7:14) Threshing floor and winepress shall not feed them, and new wine shall fail in her. (Hos 9:2) The field is ravaged, the ground has mourned, for the grain is ruined, the new wine has dried up, the oil fails. (Yoel 1:10) And let יהוה answer and say to His people, “See, I am sending you the grain and the new wine and the oil, and you shall be satisfied by them. And no longer do I make you a reproach among the gentiles." (Yoel 2:19) And the threshing-floors shall be filled with grain, and the vats shall overflow with new wine and oil. (Yoel 2:24) “You shall sow but not reap, you shall tread the olives but not anoint yourselves with oil, and make sweet wine but not drink wine." (Mic 6:15) “And I called for a drought on the land, and on the mountains, and on the grain, and on the new wine, and on the oil, and on whatever the ground brings forth, and on man, and on livestock, and on all the labor of the hands.” (Hag 1:11) For what goodness is His, and what comeliness is His. Grain make the young men thrive, and new wine the maidens! (Zec 9:17) G3631 οἶνος oinos oy'-nos A primary word (or perhaps of Hebrew origin [H3196]); “wine” (literally or figuratively): - wine: “Neither do they put new wine into old wineskins, or else the wineskins burst, and the wine is spilled, and the wineskins are ruined. But they put new wine into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved.” (Matt 9:17) “And no one puts new wine into old wineskins, otherwise the new wine bursts the wineskins, and the wine runs out, and the wineskins are ruined. But new wine is to be put into fresh wineskins.” (Mark 2:22) And they were giving Him wine mixed with myrrh to drink, but He did not take it. (Mark 15:23) “For he shall be great before יהוה, and shall drink no wine and strong drink at all. And he shall be filled with the Set-apart Spirit, even from his mother’s womb." (Luke 1:15) “And no one puts new wine into old wineskins, otherwise the new wine shall burst the wineskins and run out, and the wineskins shall be ruined." (Luke 5:37) “But new wine is put into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved." (Luke 5:38) “For Yoḥanan the Immerser came neither eating bread nor drinking wine, and you say, ‘He has a demon.’ " (Luke 7:33) ...and he went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. And having placed him on his own beast, he brought him to an inn, and looked after him. (Luke 10:34) And when they were short of wine, the mother of יהושע said to Him, “They have no wine.” (Yohn 2:3) But when the master of the feast had tasted the water that had become wine, and did not know where it came from – though the servants who had drawn the water knew – the master of the feast called the bridegroom... (Yohn 2:9) ...and said to him, “Every man at the beginning sets out the good wine, and when they have drunk, then that which is poorer. You have kept the good wine until now.” (Yohn 2:10) Then יהושע came again to Qanah of Galil where He had made the water wine. And there was a certain nobleman whose son was sick at Kephar Naḥum. (Yohn 4:46) It is good not to eat meat or drink wine, nor to do whatever by which your brother stumbles. (Rom 14:21) And do not be drunk with wine, in which is loose behavior, but be filled with the Spirit... (Eph 5:18) Likewise attendants are to be reverent, not double-tongued, not given to much wine, not greedy for filthy gain... (1Ti 3:8) No longer drink only water, but use a little wine for your stomach’s sake and your frequent ailments. (1Ti 5:23) ...the older women likewise are to be set-apart in behavior, not slanderers, not given to much wine, teachers of what is good... (Tit 2:3) And I heard a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a day’s wage, and three quarts of barley for a day’s wage. And do not harm the oil and the wine.” (Rev 6:6) And another messenger followed, saying, “Bav̱el is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her whoring.” (Rev 14:8) ...he also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of Elohim, which is poured out undiluted into the cup of His wrath. And he shall be tortured with fire and sulphur before the set-apart messengers and before the Lamb. (Rev 14:10) And the great city became divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. And great Bav̱el was remembered before Elohim, to give her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath. (Rev 16:19) ...with whom the sovereigns of the earth committed whoring, and the inhabitants of the earth were made drunk with the wine of her whoring.” (Rev 17:2) ...because all the nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her whoring, and the sovereigns of the earth have committed whoring with her, and the merchants of the earth have become rich through the power of her riotous living.” (Rev 18:3) ...and cinnamon and incense, and fragrant oil and frankincense, and wine and oil, and fine flour and wheat, and cattle and sheep, and horses and carriages, and bodies and lives of men. (Rev 18:13) And out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, that with it He should smite the nations. And He shall shepherd them with a rod of iron. And He treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Ěl Shaddai. (Rev 19:15) G3501 νέος, νεώτερος neos neōteros neh'-os, neh-o'-ter-os A primary word, including the comparative (second form); “new”, that is, (of persons) youthful, or (of things) fresh; figuratively regenerate: - new, young: “Neither do they put new wine into old wineskins, or else the wineskins burst, and the wine is spilled, and the wineskins are ruined. But they put new wine into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved.” (Matt 9:17) “And no one puts new wine into old wineskins, otherwise the new wine bursts the wineskins, and the wine runs out, and the wineskins are ruined. But new wine is to be put into fresh wineskins.” (Mark 2:22) “And no one puts new wine into old wineskins, otherwise the new wine shall burst the wineskins and run out, and the wineskins shall be ruined." (Luke 5:37) “But new wine is put into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved." (Luke 5:38) “And no one, having drunk old wine, immediately desires new wine, for he says, ‘The old is better.’ ” (Luke 5:39) ...and the younger of them said to his father, ‘Father, give me the portion of goods falling to me.’ And he divided his livelihood between them.' (Luke 15:12) “And not many days after, the younger son, having gathered all together, went away to a distant country, and there wasted his goods with loose living. (Luke 15:13) “But not so with you, but let him who is greatest among you be as the youngest, and the leader as one who serves." (Luke 22:26) “Truly, truly, I say to you, when you were younger you girded yourself and walked where you wished, but when you are old you shall stretch out your hands, and another shall gird you and bring you where you do not wish.” (Yohn 21:18) But the young men arose and wrapped him up, carried him out and buried him. (Acts 5:6) Therefore cleanse out the old leaven, so that you are a new lump, as you are unleavened. For also Messiah our Pesah was offered for us. (1Co 5:7) ...and have put on the new one who is renewed in knowledge according to the likeness of Him who created him... (Col 3:10) Do not rebuke an older man, but appeal to him as a father, younger ones as brothers... (1Ti 5:1) ...elderly women as mothers, younger ones as sisters, in all cleanliness. (1Ti 5:2) But refuse the younger widows, for when they become headstrong against the Messiah, they desire to marry... (1Ti 5:11) So I resolve that the younger widows marry, bear children, manage the house, giving no occasion to the adversary for reviling. (1Ti 5:14) in order for them to train the young women to love their husbands, to love their children... (Tit 2:4) Likewise urge the young men to be sensible. (Tit 2:6) ...and to יהושע the Mediator1 of a renewed covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling which speaks better than the blood of Hev̱el. Footnote: 1See 8:6. (Heb 12:24) In the same way, you younger ones, be subject to elders. And gird yourselves with humility toward one another, for “Elohim resists the proud, but gives favor to the humble.” (1Ke 5:5) G1098 γλεῦκος gleukos glyoo'-kos Akin to G1099; sweet wine, that is, (properly) must (fresh juice), but used of the more saccharine (and therefore highly inebriating) fermented wine: - new wine: And others mocking said, “They have been filled with sweet wine.” (Acts 2:13) G1099 γλυκύς glukus gloo-koos' Of uncertain affinity; sweet (that is, not bitter nor salt): - sweet, fresh: Does the fountain send forth the sweet and the bitter from the same opening? (Yas 3:11) My brothers, is a fig tree able to bear olives, or a grapevine figs? So neither is a fountain able to make salt and sweet water. (Yas 3:12) And I went to the messenger and said to him, “Give me the little book.” And he said to me, “Take and eat it,1 and it shall make your stomach bitter, but it shall be as sweet as honey in your mouth.” Footnote: 1Eze. chs. 2 & 3. This is a Hebraism which means to receive knowledge. (Rev 10:9) And I took the little book out of the messenger’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but when I had eaten it, my stomach was made bitter. (Rev 10:10) G3943 πάροινος paroinos par'-oy-nos From G3844 and G3631; staying near wine, that is, tippling (a toper): - given to wine. G3844 παρά para par-ah' A primary preposition; properly near, that is, (with genitive case) from beside (literally or figuratively), (with dative case) at (or in) the vicinity of (objectively or subjectively), (with accusative case) to the proximity with (local [especially beyond or opposed to] or causal [on account of]). In compounds it retains the same variety of application: - above, against, among, at, before, by, contrary to, X friend, from, + give [such things as they], + that [she] had, X his, in, more than, nigh unto, (out) of, past, save, side . . . by, in the sight of, than, [there-] fore, with. In compounds it retains the same variety of application. G3631 οἶνος oinos oy'-nos A primary word (or perhaps of Hebrew origin [H3196]); “wine” (literally or figuratively): - wine: ...not given to wine, no brawler, but gentle, not quarrelsome, no lover of money... (1Ti 3:3) For an overseer has to be unreprovable, as a managing one of Elohim, not self-pleasing, not wroth, not given to wine, no brawler, not greedy for filthy gain... (Tit 1:7) G3632 οἰνοφλυγία oinophlugia oy-nof-loog-ee'-ah From G3631 and a form of the base of G5397; an overflow (or surplus) of wine, that is, vinolency (drunkenness): - excess of wine: For we have spent enough of our past lifetime in doing the desire of the gentiles, having walked in indecencies, lusts, drunkenness, orgies, wild parties, and abominable idolatries... (1Ke 4:3) G5397 φλύαρος phluaros floo'-ar-os From φλύω phluō (to bubble); a garrulous person, that is, prater: - tattler: Moreover, they learn to be idle, going about from house to house, and not only idle but also gossips and busybodies, speaking what is improper. (1Ti 5:13) H7941 שׁכר shêkâr shay-kawr' From H7937; an intoxicant, that is, intensely alcoholic liquor: - strong drink, + drunkard, strong wine: “Do not drink wine or strong drink, you, nor your sons with you, when you go into the Tent of Meeting, lest you die – a law forever throughout your generations..." (Lev 10:9) ...he separates himself from wine and strong drink – he drinks neither vinegar of wine nor vinegar of strong drink, neither does he drink any grape juice, nor eat grapes or raisins. (Num 6:3) ...and it's drink offering, one-fourth of a hin for each lamb. Pour out the drink to יהוה as an offering in the set-apart place. (Num 28:7) “And you shall use the silver for whatever your being desires: for cattle or sheep, for wine or strong drink, for whatever your being desires. And you shall eat there before יהוה your Elohim, and you shall rejoice, you and your household." (Deu 14:26) “You ate no bread and drank no wine nor strong drink, so that you might know that I am יהוה your Elohim." (Deu 29:6) “And now, please guard, and do not drink wine or strong drink, and do not eat any unclean food." (Ydg 13:4) “And He said to me, ‘See, you are conceiving and bearing a son. And now, drink no wine or strong drink, nor eat any unclean food, for the youth is a Nazirite to Elohim from the womb to the day of his death.’ ” (Ydg 13:7) “Let her not eat any food that comes from the vine, neither let her drink wine or strong drink, or eat any unclean food. Let her guard all that which I have commanded her.” (Ydg 13:14) And Ḥannah answered and said, “No, my master, I am a woman pained in spirit. And I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my being before יהוה. (1Sa 1:15) They who sit in the gate talk about me, and I am the song of the drunkards. (Psa 69:12) Wine is a scoffer, strong drink a brawler, and whoever is led astray by it is not wise. (Pro 20:1) Not for sovereigns, Oh Lemu’ĕl, not for sovereigns to drink wine, nor for princes to desire strong drink... (Pro 31:4) Give strong drink to him who is perishing, and wine to those embittered in being. (Pro 31:6) Woe to those who rise early in the morning pursuing strong drink, who stay up late at night – wine inflames them! (Isa 5:11) Woe to the mighty to drink wine, and brave men to mix strong drink... (Isa 5:22) No more do they drink wine with a song, strong drink is bitter to those who drink it. (Isa 24:9) And these too have gone astray through wine, and through strong drink wandered about. Priest and prophet have gone astray through strong drink, they are swallowed up by wine, they wander about through strong drink, they go astray in vision, they stumble in right-ruling. (Isa 28:7) Pause and wonder! Blind yourselves and be blind! They are drunk, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink. (Isa 29:9) “Come, let me bring wine and fill ourselves with strong drink1. And tomorrow shall be as today, even much greater.” Footnote: 1See chapters 28 & 29. (Isa 56:12) “If a man walking after wind and falsehood has lied: ‘I preach to you of wine and of strong drink,’ he shall be the ‘preacher’ of this people!" (Mic 2:11) H7937 שׁכר shâkar shaw-kar' A primitive root; to become tipsy; in a qualified sense, to satiate with a stimulating drink or (figuratively) influence. (Superlative of H8248.): - (be filled with) drink (abundantly), (be, make) drunk (-en), be merry. [Superlative of H8248.] H8248 שׁקה shâqâh shaw-kaw' A primitive root; to quaff, that is, (causatively) to irrigate or furnish a potion to: - cause to (give, give to, let, make to) drink, drown, moisten, water. See H7937, H8354. H8354 שׁתה shâthâh shaw-thaw' A primitive root; to imbibe (literally or figuratively). : - X assuredly, banquet, X certainly, drink (-er, -ing), drunk (X -ard), surely. [Prop. intensive of H8248.]: And he drank of the wine and was drunk, and became uncovered in his tent. (Gen 9:21) And he took portions to them from before him, but Binyamin’s portion was five times as much as any of theirs. And they feasted and they drank with him. (Gen 43:34) ‘I make My arrows drunk with blood, And My sword devours flesh, with the blood of the slain and the captives, from the long-haired enemy chiefs.’ (Deu 32:42) Then Ěli said to her, “How long are you going to be drunk? Put your wine away from you!” (1Sa 1:14) And Dawiḏ called him, and he ate and drank before him, and he made him drunk. And at evening he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his master, but he did not go down to his house. (2Sa 11:13) I have come to my garden, my sister, my bride; I have plucked my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk. Eat, Oh friends! Drink, and drink deeply, Oh beloved ones! (Son 5:1) Pause and wonder! Blind yourselves and be blind! They are drunk, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink. (Isa 29:9) “And I shall feed those who oppress you with their own flesh, and let them drink their own blood as sweet wine. All flesh shall know that I, יהוה, am your Savior, and your Redeemer, the Elohim of Yaʽaqov̱.” (Isa 49:26) Therefore please hear this, you afflicted and drunk, but not with wine. (Isa 51:21) “And I trod down peoples in My displeasure, and made them drunk in My wrath, and brought down their strength to earth.” (Isa 63:6) “And you shall say to them, ‘Thus said יהוה of hosts, the Elohim of Yisra’ĕl, “Drink, be drunk, and vomit! Fall and rise no more, because of the sword which I am sending among you.” ’ (Yer 25:27) “Make him drunk, because he has made himself great against יהוה. Mo’av̱ shall splash in his vomit, and he shall also be in mockery. (Yer 48:26) Bav̱el was a golden cup in the hand of יהוה, making drunk all the earth1. The nations drank her wine, that is why the nations went mad! Footnote: 1Rev. 17:1-18. (Yer 51:7) “In their heat I prepare their feasts. And I shall make them drunk, so that they rejoice, and sleep a neverending sleep and not awake,” declares יהוה. (Yer 51:39) “And I shall make her rulers drunk, and her wise men, her governors, and her deputies, and her mighty men. And they shall sleep a lasting sleep, and not awake,” declares the Sovereign, whose Name is יהוה of hosts. (Yer 51:57) Rejoice and be glad, Oh daughter of Eḏom, you who dwell in the land of Uz! The cup is to pass over to you too, so that you become drunk and make yourself naked. (Lam 4:21) You too are to become drunk, you are to go into hiding. You too are to seek refuge from the enemy. (Nah 3:11) “Woe to him who gives drink to his neighbor, pouring out your wineskin, and also making him drunk – in order to look on their nakedness! (Hab 2:15) “You have sown much, but brought in little; eat, but do not have enough; drink, but you are not filled with drink; clothe yourselves, but no one is warm; and he who earns wages, earns wages to put into a bag with holes.” (Hag 1:6) H8354 שׁתה shâthâh shaw-thaw' A primitive root; to imbibe (literally or figuratively). : - X assuredly, banquet, X certainly, drink (-er, -ing), drunk (X -ard), surely. [Prop. intensive of H8248.]: And he drank of the wine and was drunk, and became uncovered in his tent. (Gen 9:21) “Now let it be that the young woman to whom I say, ‘Please let down your jar to let me drink,’ and she says, ‘Drink, and let me water your camels too,’ let her be the one whom You have appointed for Your servant Yitsḥaq. And let me know by this that You have shown kindness to my master.” (Gen 24:14) And she said, “Drink, my master.” And she hurried and let her jar down to her hand, and gave him a drink. (Gen 24:18) And when she had finished giving him a drink, she said, “Let me draw water for your camels too, until they have finished drinking.” (Gen 24:19) And it came to be, when the camels had finished drinking, that the man took a golden nose ring weighing half a sheqel, and two bracelets for her wrists weighing ten sheqels of gold, (Gen 24:22) ...and she says to me, “Drink, and let me draw for your camels too,” let her be the woman whom יהוה has appointed for my master’s son.’ (Gen 24:44) “And she hurried and let her jar down from her shoulder, and said, ‘Drink, and let me water your camels too.’ So I drank, and she watered the camels too." (Gen 24:46) And he and the men who were with him ate and drank and spent the night. When they arose in the morning he said, “Let me go to my master.” (Gen 24:54) Yaʽaqov̱ then gave Ěsaw bread and stew of lentils. And he ate and drank, and rose up and left. Thus Ěsaw despised his birthright. (Gen 25:34) And he made them a feast, and they ate and drank. (Gen 26:30) And he said, “Bring it near to me, and let me eat of my son’s wild game, so that my being might bless you.” So he brought it near to him, and he ate. And he brought him wine, and he drank. (Gen 27:25) And he set the rods which he had peeled before the flocks in the gutters, in the watering troughs where the flocks came to drink, and they conceived when they came to drink. (Gen 30:38) And he took portions to them from before him, but Binyamin’s portion was five times as much as any of theirs. And they feasted and they drank with him. (Gen 43:34) ‘Is this not the one from which my master drinks, and with which he indeed divines? You have done evil in what you have done.’ ” (Gen 44:5) ...and the fish in the river shall die. And the river shall stink, and the Mitsrites shall find it impossible to drink the water of the river.” ’ ” (Exo 7:18) And the fish that were in the river died, and the river stank, and the Mitsrites were unable to drink the water of the river. And the blood was in all the land of Mitsrayim. (Exo 7:21) And all the Mitsrites dug all around the river for water to drink, for they were unable to drink the water of the river. (Exo 7:24) And they came to Marah, and they were unable to drink the waters of Marah, for they were bitter. So the name of it was called Marah. (Exo 15:23) And the people grumbled against Mosheh, saying, “What are we to drink?” (Exo 15:24) And all the congregation of the children of Yisra’ĕl set out on their journey from the Wilderness of Sin, according to the command of יהוה, and camped in Rephiḏim. And there was no water for the people to drink. (Exo 17:1) Therefore the people strove with Mosheh, and said, “Give us water to drink.” And Mosheh said to them, “Why do you strive with me? Why do you try יהוה?” (Exo 17:2) “See, I am standing before you there on the rock in Ḥorĕv̱. And you shall smite the rock, and water shall come out of it, and the people shall drink.” And Mosheh did so before the eyes of the elders of Yisra’ĕl. (Exo 17:6) Yet He did not stretch out His hand against the chiefs of the children of Yisra’ĕl! And they saw Elohim, and they ate and drank. (Exo 24:11) And they rose early on the next day, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings. And the people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play. (Exo 32:6) And he was there with יהוה forty days and forty nights. He did not eat bread and he did not drink water. And He wrote on the tablets the Words of the covenant, the Ten Words. (Exo 34:28) “Do not drink wine or strong drink, you, nor your sons with you, when you go into the Tent of Meeting, lest you die – a law forever throughout your generations..." (Lev 10:9) ‘Any of the food which might be eaten, on which water comes, becomes unclean, and any drink which might be drunk from it becomes unclean.' (Lev 11:34) ...he separates himself from wine and strong drink – he drinks neither vinegar of wine nor vinegar of strong drink, neither does he drink any grape juice, nor eat grapes or raisins. (Num 6:3) ‘Then the priest shall wave them, a wave offering before יהוה. It is set-apart for the priest, besides the breast of the wave offering and besides the thigh of the contribution. And afterwards the Nazirite shall drink wine.’ (Num 6:20) “And why have you brought us up out of Mitsrayim, to bring us to this evil place? – not a place of grain or figs or vines or pomegranates, and there is no water to drink.” (Num 20:5) Then Mosheh lifted his hand and struck the rock twice with his rod. And much water came out, and the congregation and their livestock drank. (Num 20:11) ‘Please let us pass over, through your land. We shall not pass over through fields or vineyards, nor drink water from wells, we shall go along the sovereign’s highway. We shall not turn aside, right or left, until we have passed over your border.’ ” (Num 20:17) And the children of Yisra’ĕl said to him, “We shall go by the highway, and if I or my livestock drink any of your water, then I shall pay for it. Let me only pass over on foot, without a word.” (Num 20:19) “Let me pass through your land. We shall not turn off into fields or vineyards, we shall not drink water from wells, but go by the sovereign’s highway until we have passed over your border.” (Num 21:22) “Look, a people rises like a lioness, and lifts itself up like a lion; it lies not down until it devours the prey, and drinks the blood of the slain.” (Num 23:24) And they departed from Alush and camped at Rephiḏim, and there was no water for the people to drink. (Num 33:14) “What food you buy from them with silver you shall eat. And also, what water you buy from them with silver you shall drink." (Deu 2:6) ‘What food you sell me for silver I shall eat, and what water you give me for silver I shall drink. Only let me pass over on foot..." (Deu 2:28) “When I went up into the mountain to receive the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant which יהוה made with you, then I stayed on the mountain forty days and forty nights. I did not eat bread nor did I drink water." (Deu 9:9) “...and I fell down before יהוה, as at the first, forty days and forty nights. I did not eat bread and I did not drink water, because of all your sins which you committed in doing evil in the eyes of יהוה, to provoke Him." (Deu 9:18) ...but the land which you are passing over to possess is a land of hills and valleys, which drinks water from the rain of the heavens... (Deu 11:11) “You plant vineyards, and shall labor, but you neither drink of the wine nor gather, for the worm eats it." (Deu 28:39) “You ate no bread and drank no wine nor strong drink, so that you might know that I am יהוה your Elohim. (Deu 29:6) “Curds from the cattle, and milk of the flock, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the choicest wheat; and you drank wine, the blood of the grapes." (Deu 32:14) ‘Who ate the fat of their slaughterings, and drank the wine of their drink offering? Let them arise and help you, let it be a hiding-place for you!' (Deu 32:38) So he brought the people down to the water. And יהוה said to Giḏʽon, “Everyone who laps the water with his tongue, as a dog laps, separate him from everyone who bows down on his knees to drink.” (Ydg 7:5) And the number of those who lapped, putting their hand to their mouth, was three hundred men, and all the rest of the people bowed down on their knees to drink water. (Ydg 7:6) ...and went out into the fields, and gathered their vineyards and trod out, and held a feast. And they went into the house of their mighty one, and ate and drank, and cursed Av̱imeleḵ. (Ydg 9:27) “And now, please guard, and do not drink wine or strong drink, and do not eat any unclean food." (Ydg 13:4) “And He said to me, ‘See, you are conceiving and bearing a son. And now, drink no wine or strong drink, nor eat any unclean food, for the youth is a Nazirite to Elohim from the womb to the day of his death.’ ” (Ydg 13:7) “Let her not eat any food that comes from the vine, neither let her drink wine or strong drink, or eat any unclean food. Let her guard all that which I have commanded her.” (Ydg 13:14) And Elohim split the hollow place that is in Leḥi, and water came out, and he drank. And his spirit came back, and he revived. So he called its name Ěn Haqqore, which is in Leḥi to this day. (Ydg 15:19) And his father-in-law, the young woman’s father, detained him, and he dwelt with him three days. And they ate and drank and spent the nights there. (Ydg 19:4) So they sat down, and the two of them ate and drank together. And the young woman’s father said to the man, “Please agree to stay all night, and let your heart be glad.” (Ydg 19:6) And he brought him into his house, and gave fodder to the donkeys. And they washed their feet, and ate and drank. (Ydg 19:21) “Let your eyes be on the field which they reap, and you shall go after them. Have I not commanded the young men not to touch you? And when you are thirsty, go to the vessels and drink from what the young men have drawn.” (Rth 2:9) “And, you shall bathe and anoint yourself, and put your garments on and go down to the threshing-floor. Do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking." (Rth 3:3) And Boʽaz ate and drank, and his heart was glad, and he went to lie down at the end of the heap of grain. And she came softly and uncovered his feet, and lay down. (Rth 3:7) And Ḥannah rose up after eating and drinking in Shiloh, while Ěli the priest was sitting on the seat by the doorpost of the Hĕḵal of יהוה. (1Sa 1:9) And Ḥannah answered and said, “No, my master, I am a woman pained in spirit. And I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my being before יהוה. (1Sa 1:15) ...and gave him a piece of a cake of figs and two clusters of raisins. And when he had eaten, his strength came back to him, for he had not eaten bread nor drunk water for three days and three nights. (1Sa 30:12) And he brought him down and saw they were spread out over all the land, eating and drinking and dancing, because of all the great spoil which they had taken from the land of the Philistines and from the land of Yehuḏah. (1Sa 30:16) And Uriyah said to Dawiḏ, “The ark and Yisra’ĕl and Yehuḏah are dwelling in booths, and my master Yo’av̱ and the servants of my master are encamped in the open fields. And I, should I go to my house to eat and to drink, and to lie with my wife? As you live, and as your being lives, let me not do this.” (2Sa 11:11) And Dawiḏ called him, and he ate and drank before him, and he made him drunk. And at evening he went out to lie on his bed with the servants of his master, but he did not go down to his house. (2Sa 11:13) “But the poor one had only one little ewe lamb which he had bought and kept alive. And it grew up with him and with his children together. It ate of his own food and drank from his own cup and lay in his bosom. And it was like a daughter to him." (2Sa 12:3) And the sovereign said to Tsiv̱a, “Why do you have these?” And Tsiv̱a said, “The donkeys are for the sovereign’s household to ride on, and the bread and summer fruit for the young men to eat, and the wine for the wearied to drink in the wilderness.” (2Sa 16:2) “I am now eighty years old. Do I discern between the good and evil? Does your servant taste what I eat or what I drink? Do I still hear the voice of singing men and singing women? Why then should your servant be a further burden to my master the sovereign?" (2Sa 19:35) And the three mighty men broke through the camp of the Philistines, and drew water from the well of Bĕyth Leḥem that was by the gate, and took it and brought it to Dawiḏ. But he would not drink it, but poured it out to יהוה. (2Sa 23:16) And he said, “Far be it from me, O יהוה, to do this – the blood of the men who went at the risk of their lives!” So he would not drink it. This is what the three mighty men did. (2Sa 23:17) “For he has gone down today, and has offered great numbers of bulls and fatlings and sheep, and has invited all the sovereign’s sons, and the commanders of the army, and Ev̱yathar the priest. And look! They are eating and drinking before him. And they say, ‘Let Sovereign Aḏoniyahu live!’ (1Ki 1:25) Yehuḏah and Yisra’ĕl were as numerous as the sand by the sea, eating and drinking and rejoicing. (1Ki 4:20) But the man of Elohim said to the sovereign, “If you were to give me half your house, I do not go in with you, nor do I eat bread nor drink water in this place." (1Ki 13:8) “For so He commanded me by the word of יהוה, saying, ‘Do not eat bread, nor drink water, nor return by the same way you came.’ ” (1Ki 13:9) And he said, “I am not able to return with you or to go in with you, nor am I to eat bread or drink water with you in this place." (1Ki 13:16) “For word came to me by the word of יהוה, ‘Do not eat bread nor drink water there, nor return by going the way you came.’ ” (1Ki 13:17) And he said to him, “I too am a prophet like you, and a messenger spoke to me by the word of יהוה, saying, ‘Bring him back with you to your house, and let him eat bread and drink water.’ ” But he lied to him. (1Ki 13:18) So he turned back with him, and ate bread in his house, and drank water. (1Ki 13:19) ...and turned back, and ate bread, and drank water in the place of which He said to you, “Do not eat bread nor drink water,” your body shall not enter the burying-place of your fathers.’ ” (1Ki 13:22) And it came to be, after he had eaten bread and after he had drunk, that he saddled the donkey for him, for the prophet whom he had brought back. (1Ki 13:23) And his servant Zimri, commander of half his chariots, conspired against him as he was in Tirtsah drinking himself drunk in the house of Artsa, who was over his house in Tirtsah. (1Ki 16:9) “And it shall be that you drink from the stream, and I shall command the ravens to feed you there.” (1Ki 17:4) And the ravens brought him bread and meat in the morning, and bread and meat in the evening, and he drank from the stream. (1Ki 17:6) And he rose up and went to Tsarephath, and came to the gate of the city and saw a widow there gathering sticks. And he called and said to her, “Please bring me a little water in a vessel to drink.” (1Ki 17:10) And Ěliyahu said to Aḥav̱, “Go up, eat and drink, because of the sound of the noise of rain.” (1Ki 18:41) And Aḥav̱ went up to eat and to drink. And Ěliyahu went up to the top of Karmel, and he bowed down on the ground, and put his face between his knees... (1Ki 18:42) And he looked and saw by his head a cake baked on coals, and a jar of water. So he ate and drank, and turned and lay down. (1Ki 19:6) And he rose up and ate and drank, and went in the strength of that food forty days and forty nights as far as Ḥorĕv̱, the mountain of Elohim. (1Ki 19:8) And it came to be when this word was heard, as he and the sovereigns were drinking in the booths, that he said to his servants, “Set yourselves.” So they set themselves against the city. (1Ki 20:12) And they went out at noon, while Ben-Haḏaḏ and the thirty-two sovereigns helping him were getting drunk in the booths. (1Ki 20:16) “For thus said יהוה, ‘You are not going to see wind, nor rain. Yet that wadi is to be filled with water, so that you, your cattle, and your beasts shall drink.’ (2Ki 3:17) But he said, “Do not smite. Do you smite those whom you have taken captive with your sword and your bow? Set food and water before them and let them eat and drink and go to their master.” (2Ki 6:22) And he made a great feast for them. And after they ate and drank, he let them go, and they went to their master. And the bands of Aramean raiders came no more into the land of Yisra’ĕl. (2Ki 6:23) And when these lepers came to the outskirts of the camp, they went into one tent and ate and drank, and took from there silver and gold and garments, and went and hid them. And they came back and went into another tent, and took from there and went and hid it. (2Ki 7:8) And he went in, and he ate and drank, and said, “Go now, see to this cursed one, and bury her, for she was a sovereign’s daughter.” (2Ki 9:34) And the Rav̱shaqĕh said to them, “Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words, and not to the men sitting on the wall to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, with you?” (2Ki 18:27) “Do not listen to Ḥizqiyahu, for thus said the sovereign of Ashshur, ‘Make peace with me by a present and come out to me, and let each of you eat from his own vine and each from his own fig tree, and each of you drink the waters of his own cistern... (2Ki 18:31) ‘I have dug and drunk strange water, and with the soles of my feet I dry up all the streams of defence.” (2Ki 19:24) And the three broke through the camp of the Philistines, and drew water from the well of Bĕyth Leḥem that was by the gate, and took it and brought it to Dawiḏ. But Dawiḏ would not drink it, but poured it out to יהוה. (1Ch 11:18) And he said, “Far be it from me, Oh my Elohim, that I should do this! Should I drink the blood of these men who have risked their lives? For at the risk of their lives they brought it.” And he would not drink it. This is what the three mighty men did. (1Ch 11:19) And they were there with Dawiḏ three days, eating and drinking, for their brothers had prepared for them. (1Ch 12:39) And they ate and drank before יהוה with great joy on that day. And they set up Shelomoh son of Dawiḏ to reign the second time, and anointed him before יהוה to be leader, and Tsaḏoq to be priest. (1Ch 29:22) Then Ezra rose up from before the House of Elohim, and went into the room of Yehoḥanan son of Elyashiv̱. And he went there – he ate no bread and drank no water for he mourned because of the trespass of the exiles. (Ezr 10:6) Then he said to them, “Go, eat the fat, drink the sweet, and send portions to those for whom none is prepared. For this day is set-apart to our יהוה. Do not be sad, for the joy of יהוה is your strength.” (Neh 8:10) And all the people went to eat and to drink, and to send portions and make a great rejoicing, because they understood the words that were made known to them. (Neh 8:12) The runners went out, hastened by the sovereign’s command, and the decree was given out in the citadel of Shushan. The sovereign and Haman then sat down to drink, but the city of Shushan was in confusion. (Est 3:15) “Go, gather all the Yahuḏim who are present in Shushan, and fast for me, and do not eat or drink for three days, night or day. I too, and my young women shall fast in the same way, then I shall go to the sovereign, which is against the law. And if I shall perish, I shall perish!” (Est 4:16) And the sovereign and Haman came in, to drink with Sovereigness Estĕr. (Est 7:1) And his sons went and had a feast in the house of each on his day, and sent and invited their three sisters to eat and to drink with them. (Yov 1:4) And the day came to be when his sons and daughters were eating and drinking wine in the house of their brother, the first-born. (Yov 1:13) While he was still speaking, another also came and said, “Your sons and daughters were eating and drinking wine in the house of their brother, the first-born... (Yov 1:18) For the arrows of the Almighty are within me, my spirit drinks in their poison, the onslaughts of Eloah are arrayed against me. (Yov 6:4) ...how much less one who is loathsome and corrupt, drinking unrighteousness like water! (Yov 15:16) Let his eyes see his destruction, and let him drink of the wrath of the Almighty. (Yov 21:20) What man is like Iyoḇ, who drinks mocking like water... (Yov 34:7) “Do I eat the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats?" (Psa 50:13) They who sit in the gate talk about me, and I am the song of the drunkards. (Psa 69:12) For a cup is in the hand of יהוה, and the wine shall foam; it is filled with a mixture, and He pours it out. All the wrong of the earth drink, draining it to the dregs. (Psa 75:8) He turned their rivers into blood, and they could not drink their streams. (Psa 78:44) He drinks of the stream by the wayside, therefore He does lift up the head! (Psa 110:7) For they have eaten the bread of wrongdoing, and they drink the wine of violence. (Pro 4:17) Drink water from your own cistern, and running water from your own well. (Pro 5:15) “Come, eat of my bread and drink of the wine I have mixed.” (Pro 9:5) For as he reckons in his life, so is he. “Eat and drink!” he says to you, but his heart is not with you. (Pro 23:7) He who sends a message by the hand of a fool cuts off feet, drinks damage. (Pro 26:6) Not for sovereigns, Oh Lemu’ĕl, not for sovereigns to drink wine, nor for princes to desire strong drink... (Pro 31:4) Lest they drink and forget the law, and pervert the right of all the afflicted. (Pro 31:5) Let him drink and forget his poverty, and remember his trouble no more. (Pro 31:7) A man could do no better but to eat and drink, and enjoy himself in his labor! That too, I saw, was from the hand of Elohim. (Ecc 2:24) ...and also that every man should eat and drink and enjoy the good of all his labor, it is a gift of Elohim. (Ecc 3:13) See what I have seen: It is good and pleasant for one to eat and drink, and to enjoy the good of all his labor in which he toils under the sun all the days of his life which Elohim gives him, for it is his portion. (Ecc 5:18) Therefore I praised enjoyment, because there is no good to man except to eat, and to drink, and to rejoice – and it remains with him in his labor for the days of his life which Elohim has given him under the sun. (Ecc 8:15) Go, eat your bread with joy, and drink your wine with a glad heart; for Elohim has already approved your works. (Ecc 9:7) I have come to my garden, my sister, my bride; I have plucked my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk. Eat, oh friends! Drink, and drink deeply, oh beloved ones! (Son 5:1) Woe to the mighty to drink wine, and brave men to mix strong drink... (Isa 5:22) Prepare the table, spread the mat, eat and drink. Arise, you princes, anoint the shield! (Isa 21:5) Then see! Joy and gladness, slaying oxen and killing sheep, eating meat and drinking wine, “Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!” (Isa 22:13) No more do they drink wine with a song, strong drink is bitter to those who drink it. (Isa 24:9) And it shall be as when a hungry man dreams, and see, he eats; but he awakes, and his being is empty; or as when a thirsty man dreams, and see, he drinks; but he awakes, and see, he is faint, and his being is longing. Thus shall the crowd of all the gentiles be who fight against Mount Tsiyon. (Isa 29:8) But the Rav̱shaqĕh said, “Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words, and not to the men who sit on the wall, to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you?” (Isa 36:12) “Do not listen to Ḥizqiyahu, for thus said the sovereign of Ashshur, ‘Make peace with me by a present and come out to me. And let each of you eat from his own vine and each from his own fig tree, and each of you drink the waters of his own cistern..." (Isa 36:16) ‘I have dug and drunk water, and with the soles of my feet I have dried up all the streams of defence.’ (Isa 37:25) The craftsman in iron with the tools works one in the coals, and fashions it with hammers, and works it with the strength of his arms. Even so, he shall be hungry, and has no strength; he drinks no water and is weary. (Isa 44:12) Awake, awake yourself! Rise up, oh Yerushalayim, you who have drunk at the hand of יהוה the cup of His wrath. You have drunk the dregs of the cup of reeling, and drained it out. (Isa 51:17) Thus said your Master, יהוה and your Elohim, who pleads the cause of His people, “See, I shall take out of your hand the cup of reeling, the dregs of the cup of My wrath – never again shall you drink it." (Isa 51:22) יהוה has sworn by His right hand and by the arm of His strength, “No more do I give your grain to be food for your enemies, nor do sons of the foreigner drink your new wine, for which you have labored... (Isa 62:8) ...but those gathering it shall eat it, and praise יהוה. And those collecting it shall drink it in My set-apart courts.” (Isa 62:9) Therefore thus said the Master יהוה, “See, My servants eat, but you hunger; see, My servants drink, but you thirst; see, My servants rejoice, but you are put to shame..." (Isa 65:13) “And now why take the way to Mitsrayim, to drink the waters of Shiḥor? Or why take the way to Ashshur, to drink the waters of the river?" (Yer 2:18) “Do not enter the house of feasting to sit with them, to eat and drink.” (Yer 16:8) “Do you reign because you enclose yourself in cedar? Did not your father eat and drink, and do right-ruling and righteousness? Then it was well with him. (Yer 22:15) “And they shall drink, and shake, and go mad because of the sword that I am sending among them.” (Yer 25:16) ...and all the sovereigns of the north, far and near, one with another, and all the reigns of the earth which are on the face of the ground. Also the sovereign of Shĕshaḵ shall drink after them. (Yer 25:26) “And you shall say to them, ‘Thus said יהוה of hosts, the Elohim of Yisra’ĕl, “Drink, be drunk, and vomit! Fall and rise no more, because of the sword which I am sending among you.” ’ (Yer 25:27) “And it shall be, when they refuse to take the cup from your hand to drink, then you shall say to them, ‘Thus said יהוה of hosts, You shall drink!' (Yer 25:28) And I set before the sons of the house of the Rĕḵav̱ites bowls filled with wine, and cups, and I said to them, “Drink wine.” (Yer 35:5) But they said, “We do not drink wine, because Yonaḏav̱ the son of Rĕḵav̱, our father, commanded us, saying, ‘You shall not drink wine, neither you nor your sons, forever.' (Yer 35:6) “So we obeyed the voice of Yonaḏav̱ son of Rĕḵav̱, our father, in all that he commanded us, to drink no wine all our days, we, our wives, our sons, and our daughters..." (Yer 35:8) “The words of Yonaḏav̱ son of Rĕḵav̱, which he commanded his sons, not to drink wine, are established, and they have not drunk unto this day, for they have obeyed their father’s command. And as for Me, I have spoken to you, rising early and speaking, but you have not obeyed Me." (Yer 35:14) For thus said יהוה, “See, those whose judgment was not to drink of the cup have certainly drunk. And are you the one to go unpunished? You shall not go unpunished, but certainly drink of it." (Yer 49:12) Bav̱el was a golden cup in the hand of יהוה, making drunk all the earth1. The nations drank her wine, that is why the nations went mad! Footnote: 1Rev. 17:1-18. (Yer 51:7) We had to pay for our drinking water, and our wood comes at a price. (Lam 5:4) “And drink water by measure, one-sixth of a hin, to be drunk from time to time." (Eze 4:11) And He said to me, “Son of man, see, I am going to cut off the supply of bread in Yerushalayim, and they shall eat bread by weight and with fear, and drink water by measure and with dread..." (Eze 4:16) “Son of man, eat your bread with trembling, and drink your water with fear and with anxiety." (Eze 12:18) “And you shall say to the people of the land, ‘Thus said the Master יהוה to the inhabitants of Yerushalayim and to the land of Yisra’ĕl, “Let them eat their bread with anxiety, and drink their water with astonishment, for her land is emptied of all who are in it, because of the violence of all those who dwell in it.' " (Eze 12:19) “Thus said the Master יהוה, ‘Drink of your sister’s cup, the deep and wide one – you being laughed at and mocked at – for it holds much." (Eze 23:32) ‘And you shall drink it and shall drain it, and gnaw its shards, and tear at your own breasts. For I have spoken,’ declares the Master יהוה. (Eze 23:34) ...therefore, see, I am giving you as a possession to the men of the East, and they shall set their encampments among you and make their dwellings among you – they shall eat your fruit, and they shall drink your milk." (Eze 25:4) ...so that none of the trees by the waters would exalt themselves because of their height, nor set their tops among the thick foliage, and that no tree which drinks water would ever be high enough to reach up to them. ‘For all of them shall be given up to death, to the depths of the earth, among the children of men who go down to the pit.’ (Eze 31:14) ‘I shall make the nations shake at the sound of its fall, when I bring it down to the grave together with those who descend into the pit. And all the trees of Ěḏen, the choice and best of Lev̱anon, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the depths of the earth.' (Eze 31:16) “Is it not enough for you to have eaten up the good pasture, and the rest of your pasture you trample with your feet. Or that you should drink of the clear waters, and the rest you muddy with your feet?" (Eze 34:18) “And as for My flock, they eat what you have trampled with your feet, and they drink what you have muddied with your feet.” (Eze 34:19) “And you, son of man, thus said the Master יהוה, ‘Speak to every sort of bird and to every beast of the field, “Assemble yourselves and come, gather from all around to My offering which I am slaughtering for you, a great offering on the mountains of Yisra’ĕl, and you shall eat flesh and drink blood. ' " (Eze 39:17) “Eat the flesh of the mighty, drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams and lambs, of goats and bulls, all of them fatlings of Bashan." (Eze 39:18) “And you shall eat fat till you are filled, and drink blood till you are drunk, at My offering which I am slaughtering for you." (Eze 39:19) “And no priest is to drink wine when he comes into the inner court.." (Eze 44:21) “Please try your servants for ten days, and let them give us vegetables to eat and water to drink." (Dan 1:12) Wake up, you drunkards, and weep. And wail, all you drinkers of wine, on account of the new wine, for it has been cut off from your mouth. (Yoel 1:5) “And they have cast lots for My people, and have given a young man for a whore, and sold a girl for wine, and drank it." (Yoel 3:3) “And they lie down by every altar on garments taken in pledge, and in the house of their mighty one they drink the wine of those who have been fined." (Amos 2:8) Hear this word, you cows of Bashan, who are on the mountain of Shomeron, who are oppressing the poor, who are crushing the needy, who are saying to their masters, “Bring wine, let us drink!” (Amos 4:1) “Then two or three cities would wander to another city to drink water, but they were not satisfied. But you did not turn back to Me,” declares יהוה. (Amos 4:8) Therefore, because you trample on the poor and take grain taxes from him – you have built houses of hewn stone but you are not going to dwell in them, you have planted pleasant vineyards but not drink wine from them. (Amos 5:11) ...who are drinking wine from bowls, and anoint with the finest ointments, yet they have not been pained over the breach of Yosĕph! (Amos 6:6) “And I shall turn back the captivity of My people Yisra’ĕl. And they shall build the waste cities and inhabit them. And they shall plant vineyards and drink wine from them, and shall make gardens and eat their fruit." (Amos 9:14) “For as you have drunk on my set-apart mountain, so do all the gentiles drink continually. And they shall drink and shall swallow, and they shall be as though they had never been." (Oba 1:16) And he proclaimed and said throughout Ninewĕh, “By decree of the sovereign and his nobles: No man or beast, herd or flock, shall taste whatever – let them not eat, let them not even drink water. (Yonah 3:7) “You shall sow but not reap, you shall tread the olives but not anoint yourselves with oil, and make sweet wine but not drink wine." (Mic 6:15) “You shall be filled with shame instead of esteem. Drink, you too, and be exposed as uncircumcised! The cup of the right hand of יהוה shall come around to you, and great shame upon your esteem." (Hab 2:16) “And their wealth shall become plunder, and their houses laid waste. And they shall build houses but not inhabit them, and they shall plant vineyards but not drink their wine.” (Zep 1:13) “You have sown much, but brought in little; eat, but do not have enough; drink, but you are not filled with drink; clothe yourselves, but no one is warm; and he who earns wages, earns wages to put into a bag with holes.” (Hag 1:6) ‘And when you ate and when you drank, was it not for those eating and for those drinking?" (Zec 7:6) יהוה of hosts shall shield them. And they shall devour and trample on sling stones. And they shall drink, roar as if with wine, and they shall be filled like basins, like the corners of the altar. (Zec 9:15) G4608 σίκερα sikera sik'-er-ah Of Hebrew origin [H7941]; an intoxicant, that is, intensely fermented liquor: - strong drink: “For he shall be great before יהוה, and shall drink no wine and strong drink at all. And he shall be filled with the Set-apart Spirit, even from his mother’s womb." (Luke 1:15) |
Wine or grape juice?Many people assume from their experience with "communion" that wine is the proper liquid to represent the memorial shedding of the Savior's blood at Passover. But was it wine that was in the Passover cup? There was once a group that could not decide, so they offered both wine and grape juice at the Passover memorial. Are we not commanded to discern what is right and proper from what is not? According to IKings 18:21,we are. Have you ever investigated the meaning of the Passover cup and its symbolic contents? Life in the Blood A basic principle in the Bible is that the only possible atonement for the act of sin is a giving up of life. And the ONLY way we can be free of sin's death penalty, which we have all earned because of our sins, is through blood, which contains life, Leviticus 17:11. Israel's sins were covered under an elaborate system of sacrifices in which animal blood was shed. That system gave way to a better sacrifice in the New Testament. Yahshua shed His blood on the torture stake as the perfect sacrifice. His blood paid the death penalty for our sins, just as the blood of animals was shed under the Old Covenant merely to cover Israel's sins (but not take them away). Read Hebrews 9:13-15. Contrary to what many believe, the principle of sacrifice remains, only now instead of animal sacrifice, it is the sacrifice of the Savior and the shedding of His blood that we trust in. What Represents Blood? Our Savior instituted a new symbol at that New Covenant Passover--the cup. This symbol represented the blood of the perfect Lamb, which was He Himself. The question is, what liquid represented His pure, sinless life? Wine? Grape juice? Water? Is there any way we can know? Yes, there is! Does it really matter? It certainly does, because one is right and proper, the rest are wrong and of no effect. Some read John 4:46 and say the cup should contain water, because Yahshua changed water into wine at Cana. They also opt for water in the cup because both blood and water came out of the Savior's side when He was pierced by the Roman soldier while on the stake. But the cup must symbolize blood. At best, John 4:46 shows only an association between water and wine, not water and blood. The fact that both water and blood issued from His pierced side proves nothing in relation to the Passover cup. If He had shed only water on the torture stake, then we could conceivably call water his shed "blood." But His blood is what saves us, not water. Therefore, we must find something other than water as the proper symbol for His blood. Grape Juice Analogous to Blood The Old Testament never mentions a cup for Passover--only the lamb, unleavened bread, and bitter herbs. You might be wondering, but what about the drink offering? The drink offering used in regular Old Testament sacrifices comes from the Hebrew word "nacak," and it means to pour out. Although called a "drink" offering because it was liquid, it was not drunk but always "poured out" at the altar. Paul wrote to Timothy that he was ready to be offered (Greek "spendomai," poured out like a drink offering") at the end of his ministry. The drink offering, therefore, can give us no clue as to the contents of the cup that was drunk in the New Covenant Passover service. An important indication of the cup's contents, however, is found in the Hebrew word for blood, "dam." Strong's Exhaustive Concordance Hebrew Dictionary defines "dam" or blood: "(as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by anal. the juice of the grape; fig. (especially in the plur.) bloodshed(i.e. drops of blood)." ‘Wine’ Never Used for ‘Cup’ Both Yahshua and Paul referred to the Passover beverage simply as "cup" or "fruit of the vine." They NEVER used "wine" in referring to the cup. Fermented wine is the Greek "oinos," used 28 times in the New Testament, but NEVER for the contents of the Passover cup. What we can deduce, then, is that "fruit of the Vine" properly represents His blood (Luke 22:20). But is that fruit of the vine fermented, or is it the pure, unadulterated juice of the grape? Had the New Testament writers used "gleukos," the other word for fermented wine (occurring one time in Acts 2:13), the meaning would be clear. But just as they did not use "oinos" (fermented wine), neither did they employ "gleukos" in reference to the Passover cup. Why? Is there a reason they did not use "wine" when speaking of the Passover cup? Wine Symbolic of Retribution, Celebration Let's look at the symbolic attributes of wine and see whether this substance would be appropriate for the solemn, redemptive Passover observance. In the prophetic Book of Revelation we find clear, symbolic meaning in wine. In 14:8 wine represents wrath unleashed for Babylon's fornication. Verse 10 reads, "The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of Elohim, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of His indignation..." Wine ("oinos") symbolizes the fierceness of Yahweh's wrath in Revelation 16:19. He calls it "wine of her [Babylon's] fornication" in 17:2. The use of wine ("oinos") in other parts of the New Testament is significant as well. In the New Testament wine is used in celebration, during times of rejoicing. The first miracle Yahshua performed was to change water to wine at a wedding feast, John 2. It is a celebration drink. Upon Abraham's victorious return from battle with the kings, Genesis 14:18, Melchizedek greeted him with bread and wine ("yayin"--a fermented drink). Similarly, in Deuteronomy 14:26 we find that wine is expressly used for REJOICING at Yahweh's joyous Feasts ("wine" here is the Greek "shekar," an intoxicant, but we are commanded against drunkenness, Eph. 5:18). Wine, therefore, would be inappropriate for the solemn, deadly SERIOUS and even frightening observance of the Passover (recall that the death angel struck absolute FEAR into the hearts of Israel). Paul chastized the once pagan Corinthian Assembly for coming together at Passover to gorge themselves on food and drink. He showed in 1Corinthians 11 that the Passover was a solemn occasion and not a festive time. It is a time for sober introspection, v. 28. Wine at the Passover would be inappropriate in light of what Paul was teaching about sobriety and humility at Passover. Both wine (yayin) and "strong drink" were expressly forbidden during worship services, "that you may put difference between holy and unholy, between clean and unclean." This was a statute Yahweh gave forever, for "all generations" (Lev. 10:9-11). Under the New Covenant, an elder is not to be "given to wine," 1Timothy 3:3. Intoxicants simply have no place in a worship setting. Wine: Chemically Altered and Leavened Wine is not a firstfruit of the grape. It is a byproduct. Wine is produced when yeast, a leavening agent, acts on the sugar molecule of fruit juice to produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Wine, then, is juice that has been chemically changed into something different. It is not the original, pure fruit of the vine, but a secondary byproduct. As a symbol for the pure, uncorrupted, sinless blood of Yahshua, a modified substance like wine would be inadequate. "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Messiah?..." (1Cor. 10:16) More importantly, wine has been leavened in the same way bread is leavened by yeast. The Passover was to be eaten only with unleavened bread, Exodus 12:8. Nothing leavened was to be used at the Passover Memorial. Unleavened bread represents Yahshua's body unchanged by the corruption of sin, Mark 14:22. Similarly, the cup represents His pure blood, untainted by outside influences of the sinful world. Would a chemically altered drink like wine best represent His pure, unadulterated blood, or would the virgin juice from the grape? Blood of the Grape Biblically, the symbolism between blood and the pure juice of the grape is unmistakable. In Genesis 49:11 we find a reference to the "blood of grapes." A citation to drinking the "pure blood of the grape" is found in Deuteronomy 32:14. Isaiah 63:1 speaks prophetically of the returning Messiah Yahshua, who comes from Edom ("red") with dyed garments (red from blood) from Bozrah (meaning "vintage"--the yield of grapes from a grape crop). Verse 2 reads, "Wherefore are you red in your apparel, and your garments like him that treads in the winefat?" "Winefat" is the Hebrew "gath," which means to tread out grapes. It is not "yekeb," which would be a wine-vat or a container storing wine. "I have trodden the winepress alone; and of the people there was none with Me: for I will tread them in Mine anger and trample them in My fury; and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garment, and I will stain all My raiment," Isaiah 63:3. "Winepress" is a misnomer. It is in fact a trough for squeezing grape juice, with a drain at one lower end. The grapes were pressed down and the juice flowed out the drain. Here, the juice that flows from the grapes is equated with the blood of those whom Yahshua will destroy when He returns. Their blood is equated with the "blood of the grape"--grape juice. The analogy is complete in Revelation 14:20, where "blood came out of the winepress." "Blood" here is the Greek "haima," and according to Strong's Concordance Greek Dictionary means: "Blood, lit. (of men or animals), fig. (the juice of grapes) or spec. (the atoning blood of [Messiah])." Savior as a Firstfruits Yahshua is the firstfruit sacrifice for man, 1Corinthians 15:20. The people were to offer the firstfruits of their produce to the priests, Deuteronomy 18:4--"...the firstfruit also of your corn, of your wine..." "Wine" here is "tirosh." For more uses of "tirosh" as freshly pressed juice of the winepress, see 2Chronicles 31:4-5 and Nehemiah 10:37-39; 13:5, 12. Just as the winepress is really a giant grape juice press, so wine is also used metaphorically for grapes. "As the new wine [Heb. "tirosh," fresh grape juice] is found in the cluster..." Isaiah 65:8. We don’t find wine in a cluster, but we do find grapes that way. "New wine" signifies the best--that juice which squeezes out by the sheer weight of the grapes in the winepress, before the treading. Thus, it is the firstfruits of the grape batch. Yahshua is called the firstfruit of the dead, and the true vine. This pure firstfruit can only equate with the first of the freshly squeezed grape juice, not with a byproduct or wine, adulterated through chemical change. Pure, unadulterated juice is the only proper symbol of the pure, saving blood of Yahshua the Messiah in the Passover. Grape juice is the only symbol that fits all the criteria and offers the only symbolism that is unique to His pure, precious blood. Paul tells us that the Savior represents the first of the harvest: "But now is the Messiah risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept" (1Cor. 15:20). Firstfruits offerings were commanded of Israel in Deuteronomy 18:4: "The firstfruit also of your corn, of your wine, and of your oil..." "Wine" here is the Hebrew "tirosh," meaning freshly pressed juice. Similarly in Isaiah 65:8 we read of the "new wine ["tirosh," fresh grape juice] found in the cluster" (see 2Chron. 31:4-5; Neh. 10:37-39; 13:5, 12). Yahshua is actually the first of the firstfruits, 1Corinthians 15:23, and the true vine, John 15:1. This pure Firsfruit can only equate with the first of the freshly squeezed grape juice, not with the byproduct known as wine, which has been mixed with yeast spores and changed through aging and chemical action. Can Grape Juice Be Preserved? Some years ago a number of wine producers and processors of grape juice were contacted with the question, "Could grape juice have been preserved in the Holy Land 2,000 years ago from the fall of the year until early spring?" The response was equally divided. Those producing wine expressed doubts that grape juice could be preserved. Those producing grape juice stated it was possible even under primitive conditions, to do so. Furthermore, grapes in Israel had a high content of sugar, which was an advantage in preservation, some pointed out. The Living Bible Encyclopedia in Story and Pictures explains how grape juice could be preserved: "The means for preserving grape juice were well known. Kato (De Agri Cultura CXX) has this recipe: ‘If you wish to have must [grape juice] all year, put grape juice in an amphora and seal the cork with pitch. Sink it in a fish pond. After 30 days take it out. It will be grape juice for a whole year’" (vol. 16, pp. 2088-2089). Another method of preserving grape juice was to concentrate the juice by boiling it into a syrup. Stored in a cool place, this concentrate would not ferment. Adding water later yielded a sweet, unfermented grape juice. This was common in ancient times. Still another way to have grape juice all year was to finely chop raisins, which are dried grapes--and then add water to produce the reconstituted juice. Yahshua Kept His Promise As Yahshua was participating in His memorial with His disciples, He said: "Drink you all of it; for this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom" (Matt. 26:27-29). About to die, Yahshua said He would not drink of the "fruit of the vine" until He was with them in the Kingdom. If the Passover cup contained wine, as some allege, then He broke that promise. Why is that? Simply this: John 19:28-29 reveals that Yahshua's thirst was satisfied when on the tree they gave Him "vinegar" ("oxos" in Greek), which is described as an inferior, common wine drunk by soldiers and laborers. (The Complete Biblical Library) "When Yahshua therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the Spirit" (John 19:30). Yahshua had refused the wine ("oxos") four times, but just before His death He did receive the wine. Had the previous Passover cup contained wine instead of "fruit of the vine" (grape juice), He would have broken His word not to drink of it again after the Passover and before the Kingdom. Grape juice had to have been in the Passover cup. Pure, unadulterated "blood of the grape" is the only proper symbol for the pure, saving blood of Yahshua the Messiah in the Passover. www.yrm.org |